Section 1 A brief history of the development of the world elevator industry
A long time ago, people used some primitive lifting tools to transport people and goods. Around 1100 BC, the ancients of our country invented the reel fistula, which uses the rotary motion of the reel to complete the lifting action, thus increasing the height of the lifted items. In 236 BC, the Greek mathematician Archimedes designed a lifting device consisting of a winch and a pulley block. The driving force of these lifting tools is generally human or animal power. In the early 19th century, steam engines were used as power for lifting tools in Europe and the United States. In 1845, William Thomson developed a hydraulically driven lift whose hydraulically driven medium was water. Although the lifting tool has been continuously improved by generations of innovative engineers, the lift generally recognized by the industry did not appear until 1852 when the world's first safety lift was born.
In 1889, the elevator began to be driven by electricity, and the elevator really appeared. The development of elevator drive control technology has experienced DC motor drive control, AC single-speed motor drive control, AC two-speed motor drive control, DC gearless and gearless speed control drive control, AC voltage regulation speed regulation drive control, AC Variable voltage variable frequency speed regulation drive control, AC permanent magnet synchronous motor variable frequency speed regulation drive control and other stages.
At the end of the 19th century, DC elevators using the Ward-Leonard system drive control appeared, which significantly improved the elevator's running performance. At the beginning of the 20th century, elevators driven by AC induction motors began to appear. Later, elevators driven by sheave (that is, traction) replaced the elevators driven by drums, laying the foundation for modern elevators with long strokes and high safety. Base. In the first half of the 20th century, DC speed control systems accounted for a large proportion of medium and high-speed elevators.
In 1967, thyristor was used for elevator drive, and the elevator controlled by AC voltage regulation and speed regulation appeared. In 1983, the elevator with variable voltage and frequency conversion control appeared, and it quickly became the mainstream product of elevator due to its good speed regulation performance, comfort and energy saving.
In 1996, the machine room-less elevator driven by the AC permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine appeared, and the elevator technology was innovated again. Since the traction machine and the control cabinet are placed in the hoistway, the independent machine room is omitted, the construction cost is saved, the effective area of the building is increased, and the design freedom of the building's architectural aesthetics is improved. This kind of elevator also has the characteristics of energy saving, no oil pollution, maintenance-free and high safety.
The development of elevator operation and control methods has experienced the process of handle switch operation, button control, signal control, collective selection control, etc. For multiple elevators, parallel control and intelligent group control have appeared.
Today, elevator companies all over the world are constantly developing new elevator products and improving their maintenance service systems, striving to meet people's growing demand for modern building traffic.
The second section of the development status of the world elevator industry in recent years
In May 2000, Schindler Elevator released the Eurolift machine room-less elevator. It uses a high-strength synthetic fiber rope "SchindlerAramid" without a steel core to pull the car. Permanent magnet motor gearless traction machine drive. Each hoisting rope is made up of approximately 300,000 strands of fine fibers, and its hoisting rope is 4 times lighter than traditional steel wire ropes, with graphite fiber conductors embedded in the ropes, making it possible to monitor changes such as slight wear and tear of the hoisting rope.
In May 2000, according to ElevatorWorld, the Italian Maspero Elevator Company installed an inclined elevator in the winter ski area of Bernia, Italy. The car runs along the guide rail in the inclined hoistway. The inclined elevator is a kind of ramp transportation.
In 2000, Otis released the Gen2 machine room-less elevator. It uses flat steel wire rope reinforcement tape to pull the car, and the steel wire rope reinforcement tape (wrapped with polyurethane material) is flexible. The gearless traction machine is slender and small, and can be easily installed on the steel beam on the side of the top of the hoistway.
From April 17th to 20th, 2002, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation exhibited the escalator model with high-speed operation in the inclined section at the 5th China International Elevator Exhibition. The retractable drive rack structure can change the interval of the steps during operation, so that the speed also changes. The speed of the inclined section is 1.5 times that of the horizontal section of the entrance and exit, which not only shortens the time for passengers to take the elevator, but also improves the safety and stability of passengers going up and down the escalator.
In 2002, the Taipei International Financial Center Building, which is under construction and expected to be completed in 2004, will be equipped with a super-high-speed elevator with a speed of 1010m/min (16.8m/s) from Japan's Toshiba Elevator Company. The elevator connects the first basement floor and the sightseeing floor on the 89th floor, with a lifting height of 388m.
In February 2003, Otis released the new NextStepTM escalator, which adopts the Guarded" tread design, and the step tread and the apron board become a single module for coordinated operation; it also adopts some other new technologies to improve the safety of escalators, Escalator technology is updated again.
The third section of the development trend of the world elevator industry
In the future, the demand for machine room-less elevators will become the highlight of elevator development. More developers will choose machine-room-less elevators. The price of machine-room-less elevators will rise steadily, especially the safe and reliable fourth-generation machine-room-less elevators, which will become a hot spot for purchase . At the same time, the cooperation between elevator enterprises will have a better trend.
The style of the sightseeing elevator will change from the past half-park and diamond-shaped situation. For example, the WALESS plane sightseeing elevator only adds 8,000 yuan to the original price and is more popular with users. There is also the WALESS 1/4 park machine room-less sightseeing elevator that can make buildings The design and construction are simpler and the cost is lower, making it a sought-after product for future sightseeing elevators. For this reason, in the future, the styles of sightseeing elevators will be increased from the original 2 to 5-6, allowing users to choose more sightseeing styles, and to meet the needs of low-cost users to choose sightseeing elevators and villa sightseeing elevators.
The diversity and comprehensive cost selection of residential elevators are the future development trends. In the future, the diversity of residential elevators will be manifested in the coexistence of machine room and machine room-less elevators; the coexistence of low-cost residential elevators and high-end elevators; the coexistence of ordinary residential elevators and residential sightseeing elevators. At the same time, for the sake of development interests, developers will consider many aspects in the civil engineering design, construction and elevator equipment purchase and installation of elevator shafts. For this reason, we no longer only compare the price of elevator equipment, but comprehensively consider the cost will gradually become one of the basic requirements for choosing a residential elevator. one.
In the future, the advertising expenses of elevator companies will increase than before, and more consideration will be given to the practicality and effectiveness of advertising.
Standardized production of elevators will be implemented in some enterprises to reduce production costs through standardized production services
Users and improving product quality are another trend in the development of elevator products, and this trend may start in China.
Start going global.
The quality of installation and after-sales service will become another important improvement trend in the future, and the emphasis on training
The maintenance of the installation team will also become one of the important teaching focuses in the next few years.
At the same time, I think that in the future, some original well-known brands will be affected by new emerging new technology brands.
Threats, China's elevator industry will participate more in international competition, and more investors will share the elevator cake.
Energy-saving elevators are the main trend of development in the next few years. Elevator industry trends also force procurement trends
The change of the procurement trend and the update of the procurement trend will also force the development trend of the elevator industry to meet the procurement needs. In the next few years, there will be no
In terms of industry development and procurement trends, energy-saving elevators will become the mainstream trend.
Section 5 Development Trend of Product Technology
The elevator in the true sense (driven by electricity) is a thing in the early 20th century, after one-hundred years of development,
Its main structure and core technology are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Electric drag system - drag technology
Drag technology from DC drag to AC pole-changing speed regulation (AC two-speed), to AC variable voltage speed regulation, to the present application
The most widely used variable frequency variable voltage (VVFP) speed regulation technology.
2. Electrical control system-signal control communication technology
From the earliest parallel communication controlled by relay logic, it has developed to the current fuzzy logic serial communication. along with
With the increase of skyscrapers, the system that controls the coordinated operation of multiple elevators in the building is particularly important, resulting in
It adopts the elevator dispatching technology (call order response technology) of group control elevators, and its most representative technology is Otis' RSR.
(Relative System Response) Elevator dispatch system, Schindler's floor call system outside the hall (Miconic10)
Wait. With the improvement of the quality of life, customers are no longer satisfied with having elevators to ride, and they are not satisfied with the safety of elevator use.
Therefore, the elevator remote monitoring
Control technology came into being, and Otis' EMS and REM have certain representativeness in this regard.
3. Traction guidance system - traction machine manufacturing technology
Traction machines range from DC motors to AC motors, to toothless permanent magnet motor technology. Toothed traction machine from turbine worm
Deceleration to helical gear reduction, to planetary gear reduction technology. At present, due to the improvement of environmental protection requirements, there has been a
Combined steel belt traction technology, linear motor technology, magnetic suspension application technology, etc.;
Elevator technology, including KONE's disc motor, Otis' Gen2 motor, etc.
4. Door system one door machine manufacturing technology
From the initial manual gate opening door to the resistance box multi-stage speed regulating door machine to the current frequency conversion door machine technology. In recent years by
The screen door technology derived from the improvement of safety requirements has been applied in subway stations.
In addition to the above: In addition to the four categories, there are also safety protection systems - safety gear, speed limiter, buffer, and upstream overspeed device.
Safety components manufacturing technology, car system--sound insulation, shock absorbing suspension technology, weight balance system-high-rise high-speed
Elevator weight compensation technology, etc.
1. Technical standardization of elevators
According to the deployment of the National Standardization Management Committee, elevator enterprises actively assist the National Elevator Standardization Technical Committee
The committee has completed the cleaning and rectification of elevator standards. In the approved standard system, the relevant elevator
There are 24 technical standards in total, including 2 national mandatory standards, 8 recommended standards, and 7 industry standards.
He is about 7 criteria. The standardization work of elevators follows the reform direction determined by the state and adheres to the market economy.
principle, give priority to the adoption of international advanced standards, and play an important role in promoting the technological progress of the industry and improving product quality
It has greatly improved the international competitiveness of domestic elevators.
2. The government and manufacturers will jointly promote the application of energy-saving technologies
Elevators are big power consumers. Each elevator is equivalent to at least 10 air conditioners, and it will also generate electromagnetic waves,
noise disturbance. Therefore, the government and manufacturers will jointly promote the application of energy-saving technologies.
The working principle of the permanent magnet synchronous motor drive technology is similar to that of a maglev train.
Field cutting to generate traction, driving the elevator car up and down. In the past, traditional elevators operated through gear transmission,
It is inevitable that there will be energy loss, and lubricating oil needs to be used. The worm gear reducer will also make noise in the machine room. Today,
Permanent magnet synchronous motor drive will increase system efficiency by more than 30% and reduce power consumption. with one load
Take an ordinary elevator of 1050 kg as an example. If it runs for 16 hours a day and the working state is at 40% load on average, then
So each permanent magnet synchronous elevator can save 9,000 kWh of electricity per year compared to traditional products. It is understood that Shanghai Mitsubishi Elevator Project
More than 30% of products have adopted this technology before.
Install a "memory brain" - in a building, multiple elevators are often the same as the top and the bottom, which consumes a lot of power. how to make electricity
Ladders become smart and save electricity? Mitsubishi elevator technicians told reporters that "artificial neurons" are like information processing
And the memory bank, which records the operation of the elevator during the week with each week as the time period. According to the recorded information,
The "artificial neuron" will generate the most power-efficient operation mode, control the multiple elevators in the building, and let them divide the labor
It is clear that reaching the appropriate location at the appropriate time is convenient for passengers to get on and off, and reduces the number of times the elevator starts and runs.
number. For group elevators, the power saving can reach more than 30%.
1. Principle of energy saving
With the continuous expansion of the scale of industrial modernization and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the contradiction between the supply and demand of electric energy is increasingly
It is more prominent, and the voice of saving electricity is getting louder and louder. According to the relevant statistical data, the consumption of the motor dragging the load
Electricity accounts for more than 70% of the total power consumption. Therefore, the energy saving of the motor and the load it drives is of particular importance.
Social significance and economic benefits.
There are two main ways to save electric energy by the motor and its load: one is to improve the operation of the motor or load;
Efficiency, such as fan, water pump speed regulation is an energy-saving measure aimed at improving the efficiency of load operation, such as elevator drive
The purpose of replacing the traditional AC asynchronous motor voltage regulation and speed regulation with frequency converter speed regulation is to improve the operating efficiency of the motor
energy saving measures. The second is to inversely convert the mechanical energy that the motor has converted to the load into electrical energy for feedback and regeneration, so that
The grid power consumed by the motor and the load per unit time decreases, so as to achieve the purpose of saving electricity. active energy
Regenerators belong to the second category of typical devices that save energy.
As we all know, the motor has mechanical kinetic energy when the motor drags the load to rotate. If the motor is pulled up,
Loads moving down (such as elevators, cranes, reservoir gates, etc.) have potential energy. When the motor drags the load to decelerate
When moving, its mechanical kinetic energy will be released. When the potential load drops and moves (potential energy decreases), its mechanical
The energy will also be released. If these two parts of mechanical energy can be effectively converted into electrical energy and fed back for regeneration, the
The purpose of saving electric energy can be achieved.
The elevator using variable frequency speed regulation has the maximum mechanical kinetic energy after starting to reach the highest running speed, and the elevator reaches the maximum speed.
Before the target floor, it is necessary to gradually decelerate until the elevator stops moving. This process is that the elevator load releases the mechanical kinetic energy.
time period. The inverter can convert the mechanical energy of this period into electrical energy through the motor and store it directly in the inverter.
Among the large capacitors in the flow link, the large capacitor is like a small reservoir with limited reserves, the electricity converted by mechanical kinetic energy.
Can be compared to the amount of water stored in a small reservoir. If the amount of water injected into the small reservoir is not discharged in time, the reservoir will
Spill accident. Similarly, if the power in the amplifier is not discharged in time, an overvoltage protection accident will also occur. currently changing
The method of discharging the power in the amplifier capacitor of the frequency converter is to use a braking unit and an external high-power resistor to drain the power in the large capacitor.
Consume to an external high-power resistor. It is wasted in vain. Active energy regenerators can convert the electricity stored in large capacitors
Recycle and reuse without consumption. Thereby, the purpose of saving electricity is achieved, and there is no power consumption and heating high-power resistor. greatly changed
Improve the operating environment of the system.
The elevator is also a potential load. In order to evenly drag the load, the elevator load is balanced by the passenger car and the counterweight.
Weight composition. Only when the load of the car is about 50% (for example, about 7 passengers in a 1-ton passenger elevator),
Only when the car and the counterweight balance block are in a state of basic mass balance between the two sides, otherwise, the car and the counterweight balance block will have mass.
Quantity difference, so that mechanical potential energy is generated when the elevator is running. The electric motor absorbs the power grid when the elevator's heaviest components go up
The mechanical potential energy of electrical energy conversion is increased. When the heavy weight parts of the elevator go down, the mechanical potential energy is reduced, which reduces the machine power.
The mechanical potential energy is released by the motor and converted into the electric energy stored by the large capacitor of the DC link of the inverter, and the active energy feedback device will feed back this part of the electric energy for regeneration.
The analysis and calculation and the actual measurement of the prototype show that the faster the elevator speed is, the higher the floor is, the smaller the mechanical transmission consumption is.
The more energy that can be fed back, the maximum fed back power can reach 46% of the total consumption of the elevator, that is, the power saving rate is 46%.
high.
The above analysis shows that in the equipment that moves up and down rapidly, such as elevators and cranes, active energy feedback devices are used.
It has obvious energy saving effect. In addition, in electric locomotives, gantry planers and other equipment that frequently starts and brakes,
It also has obvious energy saving effect.
2. The working principle of the active energy feedback device
The main circuit of the active energy feedback device consists of IGBT, intelligent module IPM, isolation diodes D1, D2, filter circuit
Inductance, capacitance and other components. The IPM module is the core component in the main circuit, which inverts the DC power to AC power.
The three-phase current that is synchronized with the grid is fed back to the grid. Its perfect protection (overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent, overheating, etc.)
It can ensure the safe and reliable operation of the active energy feedback device. Diodes D1, D2 prevent active energy regenerators
The power is sent back to the inverter to ensure the safe operation of the system. Inductors L1---L3, capacitors C1----C3 form high-order harmonics
The wave filter prevents the high-order harmonic current generated by the high-frequency switch of the IPM module from entering the power grid and improves the active energy return.
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance of the feeder.
The control circuit is composed of a single-chip microcomputer, a programmable logic chip, and a peripheral signal sampler. with high redundancy
The software design enables the control circuit to automatically identify the instantaneous phase sequence, phase, voltage, and current of the three-phase AC power grid.
value, and orderly control the IPM to work in the PWM state to ensure the timely feedback and regeneration of the DC power.
In order to facilitate the manual observation of the working state of the active energy feedback device, the control circuit is equipped with out-of-phase, overcurrent, energy
Feedback and other status indicators. The faulty action caused by strong external interference can be automatically recognized by the single-chip microcomputer.
It can also be cleared by manually pressing the clear fault button, which enhances the reliability of the system.
3. Features of Active Energy Feeder
Wide range of application. It can be used with frequency converters of 220V, 380V, and 480V voltage classes, and the power class ranges from
15KW- - 40KW can be applied.
The energy saving effect is obvious, there is no heating resistance, and the use in elevators can save 21% to 46% of electricity.
Easy to install, ready to use. The active energy feedback device is only connected to the outside by 5 wires, and the 3 wires are connected to the AC input.
The input end is connected, and the two wires are connected to the DC terminal of the inverter. After installation, it can be used without debugging.
Reliable work, less harmonic content. There is a perfect protection function. A working status port is reserved to connect with the inverter to ensure the reliable operation of the system.
3. The application of new elevator technology has become the main trend of elevator development
These include energy-saving technology, control technology, safety technology and new technology materials. Shanghai Mitsubishi has independent
Intellectual property product lines have entered the market on a large scale: the control systems of Shanghai Xinshida and Shenyang Blu-ray have been reorganized.
It is widely used by machinery enterprises and maintenance units, especially the elevator special inverter of Xinshida has passed the Ministry of Construction Group.
After the evaluation of the organization, it has been put into mass production: the permanent magnet synchronous traction machines of Xizifuxin, Ningbo Shenling, Changshu Tongrun, Ningbo Xinda and other enterprises have gradually formed a certain scale; Zhangjiagang Runfa and other three
A professional company dominates the elevator guide rail market.
1. Schindler's Miconicle 0 destination floor hall station registration system
The operating panel of the system is arranged in the waiting hall of each floor station, and the number of the operating panel corresponds to the number of each floor. Passengers only need to
Register the destination floor number when calling the elevator, you will know which elevator in the elevator group should go to, so you can go to the hall door in advance.
waiting. After passengers enter the car, there is no need to select floors, and the car will stop at the destination floor. Due to the operation of the system
Convenience combined with powerful computer group control technology reduces the waiting time and boarding time. The key to the system is the
Correct the delay of the waiting time of the new call to the service time of the previously scheduled calls.
2. Elevator for double-deck car
The elevator has 2 floors of cars, one above the other, running at the same time. Passengers enter the foyer on the first floor of the building,
If you go to an odd-numbered floor, go to the lower car; if you go to an even-numbered floor, take the automatic bus between the 1st and 2nd floors first.
Escalator, after reaching the second floor, enter the car on the first floor above. You can take any car when you go downstairs, and the car on the upper deck
Passengers in the car need to park on the 2nd floor and then take the escalator to the 1st floor to leave the building. Double-deck car elevators have increased ratings
capacity, save the space of the well, improve the conveying capacity, especially suitable for the high-rise building to and from the sky hall of the super high-rise building.
Go straight to the elevator. The double-deck car elevator requires that the adjacent floors have the same height, and there is a need for passengers on the upper and lower floors to enter and exit the car.
The problem of taking the maximum value of time.
3. Otis company Odyssey composite transportation system integrating vertical transportation and horizontal transportation
The system is driven by a linear motor, and multiple cars are arranged in one hoistway. The car is in the computer navigation system
Under the control of the system, the respective running routes can be exchanged within the track network. The system saves the space occupied by the shaft,
It solves the problem of too much weight of steel wire ropes and cables for elevators in super high-rise buildings, especially suitable for elevators with the same ground floor.
The shuttle elevator to the sky lobby in the multi-tower-shaped high-rise building complex.
4. Machine roomless elevator driven by AC permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine
The machine room-less elevator saves the independent machine room and the construction cost because the traction machine and the control cabinet are placed in the hoistway.
This increases the effective area of the building and improves the design freedom of the building's architectural aesthetics. The AC permanent magnet synchronous
The characteristics of the gearless traction machine are: (1) The structure is simple and compact, the volume is small, the weight is light, and the shape can be flexible and diverse;
(2) With frequency conversion control, it can achieve maximum energy saving; (3) There is no gear, so there is no gear vibration and
Noise, gear efficiency, gear wear and oil lubrication issues reduce maintenance work and oil contamination; (4)
Since the rotating motor is in the state of generator braking when power is lost, the safety and reliability of the lead system is increased.
This kind of elevator is also popular in the market. KONE MonoSpace Machine Roomless Elevator Flattened by EcoDisk
Driven by a flat disc motor, the motor is fixed on the guide rail on the side of the top of the machine room, and the car is driven by a wire rope.
Otis' Gen2 machine room-less elevator uses a flat composite steel reinforced belt drive traction car, steel reinforced skin
The belt (wrapped with polyurethane material) is flexible and can be easily wound around the traction sheave, thus making the traction sheave a large diameter
greatly reduced. The small traction sheave is directly installed on the output shaft of the slender motor to form a gearless traction machine. the whole trolling
The lead-in machine is small and can be easily placed on the steel beam on the side of the top of the hoistway. Schindler's Eurolift machine roomless elevator
The car is pulled by a high-strength synthetic fiber rope without steel core, which is 4 times lighter than the traditional steel rope. Each hoisting rope consists of approximately 300,000 thin fibers, with graphite fiber conductors embedded in the ropes, enabling monitoring of
Minor wear and changes in control ropes.
5. Color large-screen LCD floor display
This type of display can display elevator floor information (such as bit
setting, running direction), and can also display real-time load, fault status, etc. You can also use the settings in the control center
Displays date, time, greetings, floor guides, advertisements, etc., and even communicates with remote computers and paging
The unified link releases weather forecasts, news, etc. Some monitors have added touch query function. The device eases
The awkward and uninteresting situation of unfamiliar passengers looking at each other in the car reduces the psychological waiting of passengers when taking the elevator
Anxiety.
6. Elevator remote monitoring system
The system is to pass the elevator operation and fault information obtained by the signal processing computer in the control cabinet through the public electricity
telephone network or private network (both require the use of a modem) to a remote private
The computer of the elevator service center of the industry, so that the service personnel there can grasp the operation status of the elevator, especially the failure situation.
condition. The system generally has the functions of displaying faults, analyzing faults, fault statistics and prediction, etc.
Remote debugging and operation is convenient for maintenance personnel to quickly respond to maintenance and take maintenance measures. This shortens the
It reduces the fault handling time, simplifies the labor of manual fault inspection, and ensures the safe and efficient operation of the elevator in the building.
7. Safety technical aspects
On the one hand, traditional elevator safety components are being switched to two-way safety systems; on the other hand, the safety of elevator use
The technology is also expanding, including IC card elevator management system, fingerprint identification system and community monitoring system.
And the three-door elevator that directly enters the house will also become the choice trend of some high-end communities.